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Background & objectives: Dengue (DEN) is a result of infection by one or multiple types of four dengue viruses known as Dengue virus (DENV) 1-4. Identifying circulating serotype and genotype is epidemiologically important, however, it is challenging in resource limited areas. Moreover, transporting samples from the collation site to the laboratory in appropriate condition is an exigent task. To overcome this, we evaluated the usefulness of dry blots of serum for DENV diagnosis, serotyping and genotyping. Methods: Serum samples received for diagnosis were divided into parts; one was used for providing the diagnosis. Remaining sample was distributed in three parts (100 µl each), one part was used for molecular testing and two parts were mixed with RNAlater reagent® in equal volumes and was blotted on Whatman filter paper no 3. The blots were dried and stored at 4°C and 28°C and tested for presence of dengue RNA, serotypes and genotypes after 7 days of incubation. Results: The diagnosis and serotyping results of serum sample and dry serum blots were in concordance. Out of 20 positive samples, 13 (65%) gave satisfactory sequencing results. Genotype III of DENV-1, Genotype IV of DENV 2 and Genotype I of DENV-4 were detected. Interpretation & conclusion: The results demonstrate that serum mixed with RNA protective solution and blotted on Whatman filter paper no 3 can be effectively used for diagnosis, serotyping and genotyping of DENVs. This will help in easy transportation, diagnosis and effective data generation in resource limited settings.
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Objective To understand the research status of foodborne diseases in China from 1985 to 2022, and to explore the development process, research hotspots and frontier trends in this field. Methods With CNKI database as the search source, CiteSpace 6.1.R2 was used to analyze domestic research literature on foodborne diseases from 1985 to 2022. The author and organization cooperation map, and keyword co-occurrence and keyword timeline map were generated to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of foodborne diseases as well as research hotspots and cutting-edge trends in this field in China. Results A total of 2526 valid articles were obtained by exclusion criteria. According to the time distribution of articles from 1985-2022, the number of articles published before 2000 was small, and the annual number of articles published since 2000 had significantly increased. The largest number of articles was published by the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (51 articles), followed by the National Institution for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (38 articles). Most of the studies were conducted by national or government level research institutions in cooperation with provincial disease control and prevention centers. There was a close cooperation among different agencies. By the keyword cluster analysis, it was found that monitoring, Salmonella, and food safety were the concentrated research areas. The burst detection of keywords showed that food poisoning, sentinel hospital, and epidemic characteristics had the strongest citation burst. In recent years, the research hotspots were serotyping, drug resistance, virulence genes and so on. These keywords could reflect the investigation speed and laboratory level from a perspective. Conclusion The research on foodborne diseases in China is constantly increasing, and the research focus is gradually shifting from simple monitoring to improving the speed of outbreak investigation and laboratory level and speeding up the molecular tracing network to prevent more foodborne diseases.
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Objective To realize the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of foodborne illness in Shiyan in 2019 and provide targeted measures for the prevention and control work of the foodborne illness． Methods The active surveillance data of foodborne illness in shiyan in 2019 were collected and analyzed. The Salmonella strains isolated from the patients with foodborne illness were tested with serotyping，PFGE molecular classification and drug sensitivity test respectively according to《National foodborne illness surveillance workbook 2019》. Result A total of 3 191 cases of foodborne illness were analyzed. The pre-school children were the highest-risk group of foodborne diseases. Grain and grain product was the main suspicious contaminated food．The main location of eating place was family. A total of 330 samples were tested. The positive detection rate of foodborne illness was 20.30%（73/330）.The main pathogen were Rotavirus and Salmonella,and the detection rates were 11.21%(37/330) and 4.85%(16/330) respectively. The pre-school children were the group with the highest detection rate, which was 57.27% (63/110). The dominant serotype of the 14 Salmonella strains isolated from patients were Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritis. 14 different genotypes were obtained through PFGE classification and clustering. 64.29% (9/14) of Salmonella strains were multidrug-resistant strains. The drug resistance rates of ampicillin and tetracycline were the highest, which were 71.43%（11/14）and 64.29%（10/14）respectively. Conclusions The publicity and education of food safety should be strengthened and the surveillance network system of food-borne disease should be further improved according to the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of foodborne illness in Shiyan in 2019, and the use of clinical antibiotics should be controlled reasonably as well.
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@#Prior to COVID-19, dengue was an important public health problem in Malaysia. Due to the movement control order imposed by the Malaysian government to curb the COVID-19 transmission, a study predicted that mosquito-borne diseases would increase during lockdown and partial lockdown seasons. Thus, this study aims to determine the current situation of dengue incidence during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021). We compared the number of laboratory-confirmed cases in the pre-COVID19 year (2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021). In addition to that, we characterized the clinical manifestation, dengue serotype and viremia levels of dengue patients that were admitted to the Hospital Cancelor Tuanku Muhriz. We found a significant decrease in the number of laboratory-confirmed cases between COVID-19 pandemic and the pre-covid period (p2020=0.064; p2021<0.001). In this study, we found DENV 4 serotype was the most common serotype in dengue patients admitted to our hospital. There was no significant correlation between DENV serotype/viremia level with clinical manifestation of dengue fever and dengue with warning signs. However, patients infected with DENV4 had the highest viral load compared to patients infected with other serotypes. We also found high viremia levels were significantly associated with the febrile phase.
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ABSTRACT In recent years, the incidence of pediatric septic arthritis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae has been quite low. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV10 is the available vaccine included in the Bulgarian national immunization program. PCV10 reduces the incidence of invasive diseases, but non-vaccinal serotypes like 19A, the etiologic agent of the case of septic arthritis reported herein in a 3-year-old boy. The synovial fluid was positive for S. pneumoniae. The patient was treated with vancomycin during hospitalization and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was recommended for at-home treatment. The isolate was subjected to latex agglutination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR detection for macrolide-resistance genes, and MLST. The strain revealed ST695 and a genotype previously associated with vaccine serotype 4. The incidence of pneumococcal infections caused by capsule-switching events and non-PCV10 serotypes is expected to increase.
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There are many serotypes of human adenovirus (HAdV), and different serotypes can cause infections in different systems of the human body, one example being community acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the clinical symptoms of HAdV infections are similar to those caused by other pathogens. To detect and serotype adenovirus rapidly and accurately is crucial towards the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the virus. This can facilitates the control of nosocomial infection and epidemiological monitoring. This article briefly reviews the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and typing of human adenovirus, aiming to help formulate effective treatments towards HAdV infection in a clinical setting.
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Background & objectives: Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory established at ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) regularly receives samples for dengue screening and serotyping from patients of acute febrile illness (AFI) from Kolkata and adjacent districts. In this study, data over a three year period (August 2016-July 2019) was retrospectively analyzed to provide insight into the epidemiological trends of dengue fever in this region. Methods: Serological screening of dengue was performed by detection of NS1 antigen and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody. Dengue serotyping was done by conventional or real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR. The data were analyzed to describe the distribution of dengue with respect to age of patient, duration of fever on the day of blood collection and month of the year. Zip codes were used for spatial plotting. Results: Out of the 24,474 samples received from Kolkata and its adjacent districts (Hooghly, Howrah, North and South 24 Parganas), 38.3 per cent (95% confidence interval: 37.7-38.9%) samples were screened positive for dengue. The correlation between age and dengue positivity was found to be weak. A combination of dengue NS1 antigen and dengue IgM antibody detection may be a better option for detecting dengue positivity compared to a single test. Most AFI cases were tested from August to November during the study period, with maximum dengue positivity noted during September (45.9%). The predominant serotype of 2016, dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1), was almost entirely replaced by DENV-2 in 2017 and 2018. Interpretation & conclusions: Dengue continues to be an important cause of AFI in the region and round-the-year preventive measures are required for its control. Serotype switching is alarming and should be monitored routinely.
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ABSTRACT Salmonellosis ranks among the most frequently reported zoonosis worldwide and is often associated with foodborne outbreaks. Since the 1950s, the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, has been documented and periodically reported. In this study, we updated the data on the distribution of Salmonella serotypes received in our reference laboratory, isolated from human infections and nonhuman sources, from 2004 to 2020. In that period, a total of 9,014 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, of which 3,553 (39.4%) were recovered from human samples, mainly of stool (65%) and blood (25.6%), and 5,461 (60.6%) were isolated from nonhuman origins, such as animals (47.2%), food (27.7%) and animal environments (18.6%). In human isolates, a total of 104 serotypes were identified and the most frequent ones were Enteritidis, Typhimurium, S . I. 4,[5],12:i:-, Dublin and Typhi. A consistent reduction of the Enteritidis proportion was observed over the years. Among the 156 serotypes identified in isolates with nonhuman origins, Enteritidis, Mbandaka, Typhimurium, Agona and Anatum were ranked as the top five Salmonella serotypes; in more recent years, S . Heidelberg has increased in frequency. Although with different proportions, the top 10 prevalent serotypes were identified in both human and nonhuman origins, underscoring the role of animals, food products and environment as reservoirs of Salmonella with potential to cause human salmonellosis.
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Objective To probe into the feasibility and applicability of the foodborne food risk monitoring and sentinel hospital foodborne disease surveillance on the Salmonella serotype identification by liquid phase suspension array. Methods The serotyping of Salmonella isolates was performed by traditional glass agglutination test. Meanwhile, the liquid phase suspension array was operated to analyze the antigen O, H and AT for classification identification. Results From 2012 to 2019, a total of 215 strains of Salmonella were collected divided into 38 serotypes, 96% of them could be analyzed by SSA kit. The results of xMAP were in accordance with the traditional agglutination. 8 of the 11 strains which cannot be checked out by glass agglutination seemed to be easy detected by liquid phase suspension array. Conclusion The liquid phase suspension array has advantages of high throughput, high sensitivity and high specificity. It is able to detect the Salmonella serotype rapidly during a short time. Compared with the traditional serum agglutination method, the liquid phase suspension array has obvious advantages in detection time. It can be useful and important in the break out of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella spp.
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Resumen Las infecciones por Streptococcus pneumoniae se encuentran dentro de las principales causas de muerte por enfermedades inmunoprevenibles en los niños menores de cinco años. Actualmente, existen vacunas conjugadas contra diversos serotipos de S. pneumoniae, por lo que su introducción ha sido una buena estrategia para la inmunización de la población en riesgo, además de contribuir indirectamente con la disminución de la resistencia antimicrobiana. Se realizó una revisión del último reporte disponible de los serotipos de S. pneumoniae circulantes en niños menores de cinco años residentes en Latinoamérica. Los serotipos vacunales 19A, 3, 14, 1 y no vacunal 12F, fueron los más frecuentes. En Latinoamérica la implementación de la vacuna PCV13 sigue siendo una excelente opción; sin embargo, con la introducción de las vacunas conjugadas se ha visto el fenómeno de enfermedad de reemplazo evidenciado con la circulación de diversidad de serotipos no vacunales. Es necesario realizar regularmente estudios epidemiológicos en los países latinoamericanos a fin de monitorear las estrategias de vacunación y el efecto de las vacunas conjugadas en la región.
Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are among the leading causes of death from vaccine-preventable diseases in children under the age of 5. There are currently conjugated vaccines against several S. pneumoniae serotypes, thus the introduction of this type of vaccine has been a good strategy for immunizing the population at risk, in addition to indirectly contributing to the decrease in antimicrobial resistance. A review of the last available report of circulating S. pneumoniae serotypes in children under five years of age residing in Latin America was performed. Vaccine serotypes 19A, 3, 14, 1 and non-vaccine serotype 12F were the most frequent. In Latin America the implementation of the PCV13 vaccine continues to be an excellent option; however, with the introduction of conjugate vaccines, the phenomenon of replacement disease has been evidenced by the circulation of diverse non-vaccine serotypes. Epidemiological studies in Latin American countries are necessary to monitor vaccination strategies and the effect of conjugate vaccines in the region.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) se expresan con mayor frecuencia en poblaciones marginadas, como lo son los ciudadanos que se encuentran en situación de calle y con problemas de drogadicción. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Mediante un estudio de campo descriptivo retrospectivo, se determinó la prevalencia de las ITS que se detallan en los ciudadanos residentes de un Centro de Inclusión Social en Venezuela durante los años 2013 a 2018. Para ello, suero de 280 individuos fue analizado mediante la prueba ELISA de diferentes compañías biotecnológicas. RESULTADOS: 50 casos (17,8%) fueron reactivos a cualquiera de las enfermedades investigadas. El biomarcador de mayor prevalencia durante el lapso estudiado fue el antiHBc con 13,9% y las menores fueron HBsAg con 0,75%, VHC con 0,71% y Treponema pallidum con 2,85%, así como 2,14% para VIH. No se detectó ningun caso de HTLV. Del mismo modo, se observó una tasa de co-infección entre hepatitis B y VIH de 2,32%, entre hepatitis C y VIH de 1,5% y en dos años se consiguió co-infeccion de hepatitis B y Sífilis con 1,5% y 5,8% en el 2014 y 2018 respectivamente. DISCUSIÓN: Se encontró que los sujetos acogidos en el Centro de Inclusión Social son un grupo vulnerable a las ITS y las coinfecciones, por lo que deben llevarse a cabo campañas de preven-ción y pruebas de detección de estas enfermedades en dicha población.
INTRODUCTION: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are most frequently expressed in marginalized populations, such as as homeless individuals or those with substance abuse issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through a retrospective descriptive study, the prevalence of various STDs was determined among residents of a Social Inclusion Center in Venezuela from 2013 to 2018. For this purpose, serum from 280 individuals were analyzed with ELISA tests from different biotech companies. RESULTS: 50 cases (17.86%) were sero-reactive to any of the STIs investigated. The most preva-lent biomarker during the study period studied was antiHBc (13.9%) and the lowest prevalen-ces were HBsAg with 0.75%, HCV with 0.71%, and Treponema pallidum with 2.85%, as well as 2.14% for HIV. No cases of HTLV were detected. Similarly, there was coinfection between hepatitis B and HIV in 2.32% of cases, between hepatitis C and HIV in 1.5%, and between syphillis and hepatitis in 1,5% and 5,8% of cases (in 2014 and 2018 respectively). DISCUSSION: Individuals in Centers for Social Inclusion are at risk of presenting STIs and co-infections; therefore, STI prevention campaigns and screenings should be conducted in this vulnerable group.
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Humans , Male , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Venezuela/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Biomarkers/analysis , Serotyping , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Vulnerable Populations , Coinfection , Hepatitis B/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: Listeria monocytogenes es un patógeno transmitido por alimentos que causa listeriosis, una enfermedad que puede presentarse como gastroenteritis febril o en una forma invasora que tiene altas tasas de mortalidad. Hasta el momento, ha sido poco estudiada la diversidad genética de cepas de L. monocytogenes aisladas desde pacientes, alimentos y fuentes ambientales en Chile. Objetivo: Caracterizar genéticamente cepas de L. monocytogenes de estos tres orígenes recibidas por el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP) entre los años 2007 y 2014. Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 94 cepas de L. monocytogenes correspondientes a 94 pulsotipos diferentes identificados por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE), se extrajo ADN y se realizó serotipificación mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) y tipificación de secuencias multilocus (MLST). Resultados: El serotipo más común fue 4b (55,3%), seguido de 1/2a (25,5%), 1/2b (17%) y 1/2c (2,2%). Se identificaron 32 secuencias tipo (ST), de las cuales cuatro fueron nuevas, y las predominantes fueron ST1 (28,7%) y ST2 (13,8%). La totalidad de las cepas se agrupó en los Linajes I y II. Conclusiones: Se observó una gran variabilidad genética en las cepas de L. monocytogenes analizadas, siendo predominantes las secuencias tipo ST1 y ST2, ambas pertenecientes al Linaje I. Nuestros resultados contribuyen a conocer la estructura poblacional de este patógeno en Chile y su presencia en muestras clínicas, alimentos y el medio ambiente.
Background: Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a disease that can present as febrile gastroenteritis or as an invasive form that has high mortality rates. So far, the genetic diversity of strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from patients, foods and environmental sources in Chile has been poorly studied. Aim: To characterize genetically L. monocytogenes strains received by the Institute of Public Health of Chile (ISP) between 2007 and 2014. Methods: We selected 94 strains of L. monocytogenes corresponding to 94 different pulsotypes identified by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), DNA was extracted and serotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: The most common serotype was 4b (55.3%), followed by serotypes 1/2a (25.5%), 1/2b (17%) and 1/2c (2.2%). 32 sequence-type (ST) were identified, of which 4 were new, and the predominant ones were ST1 (28.7%) and ST2 (13.8%). All the strains of L. monocytogenes were grouped in Lineages I and II. Conclusions: A great genetic variability was observed in the strains of L. monocytogenes analyzed, being predominant the ST1 and ST2, both belonging to Lineage I. Our results contribute to know the population structure of this pathogen in Chile and its presence in clinical samples, food and the environment.
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Humans , Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification , Listeria monocytogenes/genetics , Time Factors , Genetic Variation , Serotyping , Chile , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Environmental Microbiology , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Food Microbiology , Listeriosis/microbiologyABSTRACT
Streptococcus pneumoniae identification and serotyping are vital for disease management, surveillance, vaccinedevelopment, and to monitor the emerging serovars. Despite the potential benefits of conventional typing methodbased on culture isolate, it lacks the ability to type directly from the clinical samples. To address the challenge,a novel microarray method was developed to identify and serotype S. pneumoniae in culture positive andculture negative serum specimens. The custom pneumococcal microarray chip was designed using sure designsoftware and evaluated with 90 reference strains, culture positive quantitative real time multiplex polymerasechain reaction (qmPCR) positive (n = 8) and culture negative qmPCR positive (n = 96) serum samples. Toselectively amplify S. pneumoniae DNA from serum, three different methods: (a) Capsular polysaccharidePCR, (b) Whole genome amplification, and (c) Microbial DNA enrichment were assessed. An in-housedeveloped excel-based software was used to quantify the signals from each serotype. With a combination ofMicrobial DNA enrichment, the custom pneumococcal microarray chip identified all the reference strains andserum samples serogroup/type information accurately. Of the 104 serum samples, 65 were uniquely identifiedand 39 were assigned with a combination of their homologous types. A 100% concordance was observed withthe results of qmPCR and PCRSeqTyping methods with an additional advantage of multiple serotype detection.Our results signify the ability of the microarray technology to identify and detect S. pneumoniae serogroup/typefrom culture-negative serum specimens. The test is of use even in patients with prior antibiotic treatment andcan be used in surveillance and vaccine impact studies.
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Context: Dengue virus (DENV) causes acute febrile illness in tropical and subtropical countries. In India there is a steady increase in incidence since 1950s which could be attributed to emergence of new serotype or lineage\clade shifts in circulating DENV. Aims: We aimed to perform molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis on samples from the recent outbreak (August–October 2017). Settings and Design: Retrospective epidemiological analysis of dengue outbreak. Subjects and Methods: Samples positive for non-steroidal 1 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (n = 147) were included. The study was approved by our institute ethics committee (JIP/IEC/2018/496). Five hundred and eleven base pair of capsid and pre-membrane encoding genes (CprM) region was amplified using Lanciotti primers, followed by second round of polymerase chain reaction using serotype specific primers. Samples which were positive by second round (n = 68) were sequenced and genotyped using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis and phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA7 software. Results: Phylogenetic analysis of CprM sequences identified all 4 serotypes in circulation during this outbreak. We observed both single (n = 50) and concurrent infections (n = 18), with DENV4 as the major contributor (64%). Within Genotype I of DENV4 we observed a distinct new clade (Clade E) which was 2.6% ± 0.9%–5.5% ± 1.1% divergent from the other clades. Among the concurrent infection, DENV 4 and DENV 2 combination was observed to form the majority (77.8%). Conclusions: Overall this study documents the emergence of DENV4 as the major serotype in circulation, replacing DENV1, 2 and 3 which had been previously reported from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. This substantiates the need for continuous monitoring in endemic countries like India, where such data may impact the formulation of vaccine policy for dengue.
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Aims@#Present research is focused on the molecular level characterization of drug-resistant Listeria monocytogenes identified from food and water samples from Tamil Nadu, India. @*Methodology and results@#A total of 39 food and water samples were collected from local markets and retail shops in Tamil Nadu, India and processed for the isolation and identification of bacteria. Morphology of the bacteria was analysed under a fluorescent microscope. Isolated bacteria were serotyped and screened for the presence of virulence-associated genes haemolysin (hlyA) and invasive associated protein (iapA) by Real-time polymerase chain reaction. The qPCR positive isolates were also typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR for epidemiological study. Antibiotic resistance test was done with 16 commercial antibiotics by disc diffusion method. A total of 8 (20.51%) L. monocytogenes were identified belonging to the serotype group 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b. PCR assays revealed the presence of hlyA (456 bp) and iapA (131 bp) genes. In RAPD, OPA-10 primer was found to generate the distinct polymorphic fragment among the isolates. All the isolates were 100% resistant to rifampicin, co-methoxazole, linezolid and oxacillin and 100% sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are suggested to be a very effective antibiotic against the tested L. monocytogenes isolates. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The hlyA and iapA based quantitative PCR technique could be a rapid molecular technique for the detection of L. monocytogenes used in this study. Serotyping along with RAPD-PCR was able to discriminate between the isolates and therefore could serve as a robust and sensitive tool for typing antibiotic-resistant strains of L. monocytogenes.
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Objective To study the distribution of Salmonella in food and diarrhea cases in Taizhou City. Methods 339 samples of commercially available food, 201 samples of meat production process and 1 606 stool samples of diarrhea cases were collected. Salmonella was identified and serologically classified according to national food safety standards. Results The detection rate of Salmonella in 9 types of foods form 2015 to 2017 was 4.4% (15/339), and the detection rates of raw poultry, raw meat and raw aquatic products were 27.5%, 7.5% and 2.5%, respectively. Among the samples collected during the meat production process, the total detection rate of Salmonella was 6.5% (13/201), and the detection rates of raw materials and intermediate products were 35.7% and 28.6%, respectively. From 2015 to 2017, the average detection rate of Salmonella in stool samples collected from 3 medical institutions was 4.9% (79/1 606). The detection rate of children under 5 years old (7.3%) was higher than other age groups ( 2=20.63, P<0.01). Among the suspected food items for diarrhea, the top three were poultry and livestock (28.6%), dairy products (25.0%) and fruits (25.0%). A total of 21 Salmonella serotypes were identified from commercially available food and patient samples. Conclusions There is a high pollution rate of Salmonella in commercial food and a high detection rate in diarrhea cases in Taizhou City. Food monitoring, supervision and publicity education should be strengthened.
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Objective To investigate the pathogenic characteristics of Shigella in infants from 2013 to 2017 in Henan Province. Methods From 2013 to 2017, 606 Shigella strains were isolated from 5 149 children with diarrhea under 5 years old in Henan Province. Serotyping, drug sensitivity test and Polymerase Chain Reaction detection of virulence gene methods were used to detect the pathogen of Shigella. Results The detection rate of Shigella in children with diarrhea was 11.77%, and the highest detection rate was in the 1-2 age group(24.08%). 606 Shigella strains were divided into two groups and 11 serotypes. Shigella flexneri accounted for 73.43%， and Shigella sonnei accounted for 26.57%. Resistance of 176 Shigella strains to ampicillin and naphthidine was serious (resistance rate > 90%), and the resistance rates to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and compound sulfamethoxamine were higher than 65%, and the sensitivity of imipenem and cephalosporin were higher. There were differences in drug resistance between Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. The virulence genes of infants were mainly shET-1+, shET-2+, ipaH+ and ial+, and 5 avirulent strains were detected. Conclusions The bacterial dysentery of infants in Henan Province is dominated by Shigella flexneri. There are serious resistance and multidrug resistance to common antibiotics, and the dominant genes in different serotyping strains are different.
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Objective To investigate the distribution and etiological characteristics of Yersinia en-terocolitica in Henan province between 2011 and 2017 and to analyze the homology among pathogenic strains. Methods A total of 12728 samples, including stool specimens from patients with diarrhea and domestic animals, flies, and smear specimens from raw and cooked meat products, were collected. Cold enrichment method was used to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica. The isolated strains were analyzed by biochemical identifi-cation, biotyping, serotyping and virulence gene detection with PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE) was performed for molecular typing of pathogenic strains. Results There were 390 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from the 12728 specimens with a detection rate of 3. 06％, including 13 hu-man strains and 377 animal strains. Most of the strains were isolated from pig and chicken feces and both ac-counted for 25. 13％ (98/390). The predominant biotype was 1A and the serotypes of the strains were main-ly O : 5 and O : 8. Results of the virulence gene analysis showed that 21 strains of O : 3 serotype were path-ogenic, including one human strain and 20 pig strains. After NotⅠdigestion, these pathogenic strains were divided into three band types with a band similarity of 94％-100％. Conclusions Yersinia enterocolitica ex-isted in both human population and many kinds of animals in Henan province. Pig was the main host of path-ogenic strains and there was a high homology among these strains.
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Abstract Ground bovine meat is commonly consumed by the population of Brazil. However, it constitutes an excellent medium for the multiplication of microorganisms due to available nutrients and handling practices prior to consumption. Here, we examined 100 samples of ground beef for the presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes by PCR, and characterized isolates by analyzing their adherence to HEp-2 cells, serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phylogeny. Enteroaggregative E. coli was detected in five (5%) meat samples, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in three (3%), and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli in two (2%). According to the phylogeny, six isolates (60%) were classified in group A, two (20%) in group B1, and two (20%) in group E. The detected serotypes were O3:H2, O93:H9, O93:H46, O105ab:H7, O152:H8, O156:H10, and O175:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that one sample (10%) was resistant to ampicillin, two (20%) to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and two (20%) to cephalothin. Based on these results, bovine ground meat for human consumption can serve as a reservoir of DEC, which emphasizes the importance of appropriate hygienic-sanitary conditions during handling at every stage from slaughter to table.
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Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Red Meat/microbiology , Serotyping/instrumentation , Gastroenteritis/pathologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes isolated from an inpatient population at a tertiary care hospital, in order to determine the theoretical coverage of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 118 inpatients at the Hospital São Lucas, in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, whose cultures of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other sterile body fluid specimens, collected between January 2005 and December 2016, yielded pneumococcal isolates. The theoretical vaccine coverage was studied in relation to the serotypes identified in the sample and their relationship with those contained in the pneumococcal vaccines available in Brazil. Results: The majority of the population was male (n = 66; 55.9%), with a median age of 57 years (interquartile range: 33-72 years). The most common manifestation was pneumonia, and the pneumococcus was most commonly isolated from blood cultures. More than one fourth of the study population had some degree of immunosuppression (n = 34; 28.8%). Of the total sample, 39 patients (33.1%) died. There were no significant associations between mortality and comorbidity type, ICU admission, or need for mechanical ventilation. The theoretical vaccine coverage of PPV23 alone and PCV13 plus PPV23 was 31.4% and 50.8%, respectively. Conclusions: If the patients in this sample had been previously vaccinated with PCV13 plus PPV23, theoretically, 50.8% of the cases of invasive pneumococcal disease that required hospital admission could potentially have been prevented. Invasive pneumococcal disease should be prevented by vaccination not only of children and the elderly but also of adults in their economically productive years, so as to reduce the socioeconomic costs, morbidity, and mortality still associated with the disease, especially in underdeveloped countries.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os sorotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae isolados de uma população internada em um hospital terciário para verificar a cobertura vacinal teórica das vacinas conjugada pneumocócica 13-valente (VCP13) e pneumocócica polissacarídica 23-valente (VPP23). Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 118 pacientes internados no Hospital São Lucas, na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS), cujas amostras de cultura de sangue, líquor ou outro líquido estéril apresentaram isolados de pneumococos entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2016. A cobertura vacinal teórica foi estudada em relação aos sorotipos observados na amostra e sua relação com os contidos nas vacinas pneumocócicas disponíveis no Brasil. Resultados: A maioria da população era masculina (n = 66; 55,9%), com mediana de idade de 57 anos (intervalo interquartil: 33-72 anos). O agravo mais frequente foi pneumonia, e o pneumococo foi mais frequentemente isolado em hemocultura. Mais de um quarto da população estudada tinha algum grau de imunossupressão (n = 34; 28,8%). Na amostra geral, 39 pacientes (33,1%) foram a óbito. Não houve associações significativas do número de óbitos com o tipo de comorbidades, internação em UTI ou necessidade de ventilação mecânica. A cobertura vacinal teórica da VPP23 e da combinação VCP13 + VPP23 foi de 31,4% e 50,8%, respectivamente. Conclusões: Nesta amostra, se os pacientes tivessem sido previamente vacinados com a combinação VCP13 seguida de VPP23, teoricamente, 50,8% dos casos de doença pneumocócica invasiva que necessitaram de internação hospitalar poderiam ter sido prevenidos potencialmente. Essa doença deve ser prevenida com a vacinação não só de crianças e idosos, mas também de adultos em idade economicamente ativa, para reduzir o custo socioeconômico, a morbidade e a mortalidade ainda associados à doença, especialmente em países subdesenvolvidos.